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Anti-psychiatry
Anti-psychiatry is the view that psychiatric treatments are often more damaging than helpful to patients, and a movement opposing such treatments for almost two centuries. It considers psychiatry a coercive instrument of oppression due to an unequal power relationship between doctor and patient, and a highly subjective diagnostic process.〔〔
Anti-psychiatry originates in an objection to what some view as dangerous treatments.〔 Examples include electroconvulsive therapy, insulin shock therapy, brain lobotomy,〔 and the over-prescription of potentially dangerous pharmaceutical drugs. An immediate concern is the significant increase in prescribing psychiatric drugs for children.〔 There were also concerns about mental health institutions. Every society, including Western society, permits involuntary treatment or involuntary commitment of mental patients.〔
In the 1960s, there were many challenges to psychoanalysis and mainstream psychiatry, where the very basis of psychiatric practice was characterized as repressive and controlling. Psychiatrists involved in this challenge included Jacques Lacan, Thomas Szasz, Giorgio Antonucci, R. D. Laing, Franco Basaglia, Theodore Lidz, Silvano Arieti, and David Cooper. Others involved were Michel Foucault and Erving Goffman. Cooper coined the term "anti-psychiatry" in 1967, and wrote the book ''Psychiatry and Anti-psychiatry'' in 1971.〔〔 Thomas Szasz introduced the definition of mental illness as a myth in the book ''The Myth of Mental Illness'' (1961), Giorgio Antonucci introduced the definition of psychiatry as a prejudice in the book ''I pregiudizi e la conoscenza critica alla psichiatria'' (1986).
Contemporary issues of anti-psychiatry include freedom versus coercion, mind versus brain, nature versus nurture, personal liberty and the right to be different. Some ex-patient groups have become anti-psychiatric, often referring to themselves as "survivors" rather than patients.〔
== History ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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